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Turn a legal description into plain English

Every rural deed describes land in Public Land Survey System shorthand — quarters of quarters, sections, townships, ranges. It reads like code because it is one. Paste it below and get the translation, the acreage math, and a picture of exactly where that ground sits inside its one-mile section.

This parcel is the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 12, Township 4 North, Range 2 West.

40 acres

A section is one square mile — 640 acres. Each “quarter” divides by four (640 ÷ 4 ÷ 4 = 40 acres). Township numbers count north or south from a baseline; range numbers count east or west from a principal meridian — the survey grid every rural deed hangs on.

Where it sits in the section (1 mile × 1 mile)

N ↑Sec 12

Good questions

What do section, township and range mean?+

The PLSS divides most of the U.S. into 6×6-mile townships, located by counting north/south from a baseline (township number) and east/west from a principal meridian (range number). Each township holds 36 numbered one-square-mile sections of 640 acres.

How many acres is a quarter of a quarter?+

40 acres — 640 ÷ 4 ÷ 4. That parcel, the classic “forty,” is the atom of American farmland (“the back forty”). A quarter section is 160 acres; a half is 320.

Why do legal descriptions read backwards?+

They're written smallest-first: “NW¼ of the SE¼” means find the southeast quarter first, then take its northwest quarter. Surveyors read them right to left — and so does this decoder.

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